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Events in recent years, including Israel’s genocide in Gaza, signify a qualitative change in the US-dominated world order. Imperialism has begun its transformation to a new stage: Hyper-Imperialism. This is imperialism conducted in an exaggerated and kinetic way, whilst also subject to the constraints that the declining empire has foisted on itself. The spasmodic quality of its exertion is felt by the millions of Congolese, Palestinians, Somalis, Syrians, and Yemeni – whose heads instinctively jerk for cover at sudden sounds of the over US$ 2 trillion dollar military spending of the US-led Military Bloc.


Over the past century, there have been major shifts in the debates and theories concerning the question of development. In the post-war era, this evolution can be divided into four eras: the era of modernisation theory, the era of the New International Economic Order, the era of neoliberal globalisation, and the current transitional era following the 2007–2008 financial crisis. This dossier examines the historical and current thinking on development and offers an outline for a new socialist development theory.


ചൈനയിൽ അതിദാരിദ്ര്യം നിർമാർജനം ചെയ്യപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നതായി ചൈനീസ് സർക്കാർ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചത് 2021 ഫെബ്രുവരി 25-നാണ്. 141 കോടി ജനങ്ങളുള്ള ഒരു രാജ്യം കൈവരിച്ച ഈ ചരിത്രവിജയം, 1949-ലെ ചൈനീസ് വിപ്ലവം മുതൽ ഏഴു ദശകക്കാലം നീണ്ട പ്രക്രിയയുടെ ഫലമാണ്. സോഷ്യലിസം കെട്ടിപ്പടുക്കുന്നതിന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാനപരമായ ഒരു ഘട്ടം എന്ന നിലയിൽ ചൈന അതിദാരിദ്ര്യം ഇല്ലാതാക്കിയ പ്രക്രിയയെ വിശകലനം ചെയ്യുകയാണ് ഈ പഠനം.


Short-term pain, long-term gain defines the dangerous escalation by the United States and its Western allies against Russia and China. What is striking about the US’s agenda is that it seeks to prevent an inevitable historical process – Eurasian integration. The historical fact of Eurasian integration threatens the economic and political hegemony of the US and Northern Atlantic elites. These threats drive the New Cold War and dangerous attempts to use any means to ‘weaken’ both Russia and China.


We are witnessing a dangerous political, economic, and military escalation by the United States and its Western allies against Russia and China. The United States seeks to prevent a historical process that seems inevitable, the process of Eurasian integration, which threatens the primacy of the Euro-Atlantic elites. To secure global hegemony, the United States is committed to the pursuit of global nuclear primacy and is willing to use any means to ‘weaken’ both Russia and China – even at the risk of destroying the planet.


As part of its policy to dominate the American hemisphere, the United States organised the 9th Summit of the Americas, excluding Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. Although Washington tirelessly seeks to impose a Global Monroe Doctrine on the planet, the summit was a fiasco. Down the road, however, the People’s Summit for Democracy flourished; here, thousands of people celebrated the democratic spirit which emerges from the struggles of peasants, workers, students, feminists, and all the people excluded from the gaze of the powerful.


The decline of the US empire, a geopolitical transition already in full swing, and the shaping of a multipolar world open up a new series of possibilities and discussions for Latin America and the Caribbean about the region’s possibility for autonomy in a transition away from dependence on capitalist countries that accounts for the needs of the majority.


It is perhaps fitting that US President Joe Biden arrived in Glasgow for COP26 on the climate catastrophe with 85 cars in tow. Tragically, the COP26 process has been swept into the matrix of dangerous geopolitical tensions, driven largely by the US in its quest to prevent China’s scientific and technological advancement. The debate driven by the West has been to malign developing countries and blame them for the climate catastrophe rather than focus on the necessary energy transition. Given the improbability of a serious discussion about climate finance taking place, it is likely that COP26 will be a failure.


On 25 February 2021, the Chinese government announced that extreme poverty had been abolished in China, a country of 1.4 billion people. This historic victory is a culmination of a seven-decade-long process that began with the Chinese Revolution of 1949. This study looks into the process through which China was able to eradicate extreme poverty as a fundamental step in constructing socialism.


Recent indications by the US and UK governments suggest that NATO is leaning towards allowing Ukraine to use Western-provided missiles to strike Russian territory. If Ukraine were to use these missiles to attack Russia, and Russia were to retaliate with an attack on the countries that provided the missiles, it would draw all NATO member countries directly into the war. In such a scenario, several nuclear powers will have their fingers on the nuclear button.


The Democratic Republic of the Congo is home to vast mineral wealth – including cobalt, lithium, and coltan – that is essential for modern technology. Despite this, the Congolese people suffer extreme poverty. Historical and ongoing conflicts, driven by global capitalist interests, have destabilised the region. This dossier underscores the fight for sovereignty and dignity, ending with the words of young Congolese activists who have identified eight categories that are key to building their path to freedom.


The fifth Pan-Africa newsletter reflects on the Malian Manden Charter’s historic advocacy for human rights and contrasts it with the British Magna Carta’s legacy. Highlighting the enduring quest for sovereignty, Mikaela Erskog discusses the Sahel’s contemporary push against Western interference and hyper-imperialism. As global economic power shifts towards the Global South, with the rise of new multilateral initiatives like BRICS and the Belt and Road Initiative, we need for greater unity and organisation among Global South nations.


This dossier looks at how the US-led New Cold War against China is destabilising Northeast Asia along the region’s historic fault lines. The ‘trilateral security cooperation’ pact signed in 2023 by the US, Japan, and South Korea, is a significant escalation of Washington’s containment strategy that heightens tensions in the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan Strait. To build a lasting peace in the Asia-Pacific, it is necessary to strengthen the regional peace movement, undo US militarisation, and overcome the ongoing legacies of colonialism.


The Global South has historically suffered from the US dollar hegemony. If the BRICS countries successfully overcome these constraints, the global financial system may be transformed.


In the face of potential US financial sanctions in the near future, China will have to develop countermeasures to strengthen the security of its foreign exchange reserves.


The weaponisation of the US dollar has prompted ‘de-risking’ efforts across the Global South, a development that may lay the foundation for an eventual BRICS currency.


Fifty years ago, on 25 April 1974, the people of Portugal took to the streets of their cities and towns in enormous numbers to overthrow the fascist dictatorship of the Estado Novo (‘New State’), formally established in 1926. While trade unionists, student activists, communists, and rebels of all kinds initiated the Carnation Revolution, African liberation struggles made significant contributions to the fight against fascism in Portugal through the national liberation struggles that defeated Estado Novo colonialism and weakened the fascist state.


As the second anniversary of the Russia-Ukraine war nears, public support for the war has reached an all-time low. Nonetheless, NATO is escalating tensions along Russia’s border with a four-month military exercise involving 90,000 troops from 32 countries. For the Global North, it is not the Ukrainian people’s wellbeing that matters but the geostrategic necessity to ‘weaken’ Russia and China. In reality, there will be no military triumph in Ukraine, which is why the war must end and negotiations commenced.


This February marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of Venezuela’s Bolivarian Revolution, when Hugo Chávez took office in 1999. In 2024, Venezuela will hold its sixth general election since that time. Already the US has begun to delegitimise the vote and destabilise the country with the reimposition of sanctions. Such measures are illegal as they are imposed unilaterally, in contravention of the UN Charter. As one US official recently stated, Washington believes it is ‘the police of the world’.


Tectonic changes are taking place in the world, accelerated by the war in Ukraine and the rapidly escalating genocide in Palestine. These changes are shaped, on the one hand, by the Global North’s loss of economic power alongside its increasing militarisation and, on the other, by the Global South’s growing political demand for sovereignty and economic development. To understand these changes and the Global North’s bewilderment about the new mood in the Global South, Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research produced dossier no. 72, The Churning of the Global Order, based on original research carried out with Global South Insights.